Below is the online edition of In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood,
by Dr. Walt Brown. Copyright © Center for Scientific Creation. All rights reserved.
Click here to order the hardbound 8th edition (2008) and other materials.
1. Arthur N. Strahler, Science and Earth History (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1987), pp. 102, 129.
2. Ivan R. King, “Globular Clusters,” Scientific American, Vol. 252, June 1985, pp. 79–88.
u “This [age of the universe] is flatly inconsistent with the ages of Galactic globular clusters, estimated to be about 13–17 Gyr [billion years]. Robert C. Kennicutt Jr., “A Meeting of Hubble Constants,” Nature, Vol. 381, 13 June 1996, p. 555.
3. “Even the most enthusiastic cosmologist will admit that current theories of the nature of the universe have some big holes. One such gap is that the universe seems to be younger than some of the objects contained within it. Robert Matthews, “Spoiling a Universal ‘Fudge Factor,’” Science, Vol. 265, 5 August 1994, pp. 740–741.
u “A mature galaxy has been discovered in an early phase of the Universe apparently too young to contain it.” Robert C. Kennicutt Jr., “An Old Galaxy in a Young Universe,” Nature, Vol. 381, 13 June 1996, p. 555.
u James Dunlop, “A 3.5-Gyr-Old Galaxy at Redshift 1.55,” Nature, Vol. 381, 13 June 1996, pp. 581–584.
4. For this to happen quickly, evolutionists must assume that the first stars were giants, more than a hundred times larger than the Sun. (Theoretically, more massive stars would burn faster.) Thus, textbooks confidently say that the first stars were giants.
No one knows that the first stars were giants, but it’s a required, unverified assumption if stars evolved. Also, if stars evolved, some characteristics of the light from the first generation of stars is missing. [See Piero Madau, “Trouble at First Light,” Nature, Vol. 440, 20 April 2006, pp. 1002–1003.]
5. “This galaxy’s colors are consistent with significant metal content, implying that galaxies become enriched rapidly.” S. L. Finkelstine et. al., “A Galaxy Rapidly Forming Stars 700-Million Years after the Big Bang at Redshift 7.51,” Nature, Vol. 502, 26 October 2013, p. 524.
u “For one, the galaxy seems to be significantly rich in ‘metals’—elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. Because all of those elements [supposedly] originate from fusion reactions in the heart of stars and are spewed out when those stars explode as supernovae, the relatively high metallicity of the galaxy suggests that it had already seen the birth and death of generations of stars by the time the universe was 700 million years old.” Yudhijit Bhattacharjee, “Earliest Known Galaxy Formed Stars at a Breakneck Pace,” Science, Vol. 342, 25 October 2013, p. 411.
How did they calculate the “breakneck” star formation rate? By assuming the big bang.
This galaxy, named z8_GND_5296, is bright, so they can estimate the number of stars in it. Because its stars contain heavy elements, it must have formed after generations of other stars somehow evolved, lived through their life cycle, and exploded. All of this had to happen in less than 700- million years after the assumed big bang. Dividing the estimated number of stars by the relatively short time period available gives a ridiculously high rate of star formation, which is orders of magnitude greater than that estimate for our Milky Way Galaxy.
u James Glanz, “CO in the Early Universe Clouds Cosmologists’ Views,” Science, Vol. 273, 2 August 1996, p. 581.
u “The presence of these [25] elements, particularly those heavier than iron, in such a young [distant] galaxy is striking. Fundamentally, it seems to indicate that in the galaxies (or at least in this galaxy) that formed relatively shortly after the Big Bang, the onset of star formation and related element production was very rapid.” John Cowan, “Elements of Surprise,” Nature, Vol. 423, 1 May 2003, p. 29.
u Jason X. Prochaska et al., “The Elemental Abundance Pattern in a Galaxy at z=2.626,” Nature, Vol. 423, 1 May 2003, pp. 57–59.
6. “According to standard models [all based on the big bang theory], the first stars needed at least 500 million years to begin lighting up and another 700 million to 1 billion years to manufacture heavy elements such as iron and spread them through space. [Wolfram] Freudling therefore expected that gas around the quasars, which were shining when the universe was just 900 million years old, would be metal-free. [Astronomers call the hundred or so heavier chemical elements “metals.”] Instead, he and his colleagues found the quasars are surrounded by copious amounts of iron.” Kathy A. Svitil, “Signs of Primordial Star Ignition Detected,” Discover, January 2004, p. 66.
u “... quasar environments are metal rich at all redshifts.” F. Hamann et al., “Quasar Elemental Abundances and Host Galaxy Evolution,” Origin and Evolution of the Elements, Vol. 4, editors A. McWilliam and M. Rauch (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 12.
u Ohta et al., “Detection of Molecular Gas in the Quasar BR 1202-0725 at Redshift z = 4.69,” Nature, Vol. 382, 1 August 1996, pp. 426–431.
u “First, the chemical composition of quasars hints at early enrichments, indicative of star formation. Emission lines in the quasar spectrum can be used to measure their abundance of heavy elements, or ‘metallicity.’ Luminous, high-redshift quasars have roughly solar or higher metallicity, even at redshifts > 6, indicating that they existed in a metal-rich environment similar to that found in the centers of massive galaxies.” Xiaohui Fan, “Black Holes at the Cosmic Dawn,” Science, Vol. 300, 2 May 2003, p. 752.
7. Jeff Kanipe, “Galaxies at the Confusion Limit,” Astronomy, December 1988, pp. 56–58.
u R. F. Carswell, “Distant Galaxy Observed,” Nature, Vol. 335, 8 September 1988, p. 119.
8. Dietrick E. Thomsen, “Farthest Galaxy Is Cosmic Question,” Science News, Vol. 133, 23 April 1988, pp. 262–263.
u M. Mitchell Waldrop, “Pushing Back the Redshift Limit,” Science, Vol. 239, 12 February 1988, pp. 727–728.